Corresponding author: Stanislav K. Korb ( grappa@list.ru ) Academic editor: Alex Matsyura
© 2020 Stanislav K. Korb.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Korb SK (2020) An annotated checklist of the tribus Parnassiini sensu Korshunov of the Old World (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 59-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/abs.6.e53717
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It is the first checklist of Parnassiini of the Old World within last 25 years. The list comprises of 54 species and 6 genera. This list takes into account all modern data about the tribus, special attention paid to the molecular investigations. The type localities of 35 species have been corrected or qualified.
Parnassiinae, Parnassian butterflies, Old World, annotated checklist.
Butterflies of the tribus Parnassiini sensu Korshunov (genus Parnassius sensu Ackery) are one of the most popular (if not most popular) objects of research and collecting within Lepidoptera. There are lots of papers devoted to their systematics and nomenclature. The number of described subspecies and infrasubspecific forms is countless, it is a reason of huge amount of the synonyms and unjustified emendations as far as constantly juggling the ongoing statuses. In the last decades when the methods of DNA analysis, variative statistics and multivariative morphometric analysis started to be used widely, some of the taxonomic problems inside of this tribus were resolved (
It is very important to note that within Parnassiinae no male genitalia variability have been found (
The reviews of Parnassiini published recently (
Within last two decades I managed to find most of the type material of the species of this tribus; to find the type material belonging to all described species group taxa of this tribus (like subspecies or infrasubspecific forms) I see as a mission impossible: there are thousands and thousands of them, partially deposited in the private collections, partially lost or stolen, etc. This is easily illustrated on examples of several species of Parnassiini, which have been recently revised: Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) (
I do not want to discuss the status of generic names within Parnassiini; genera or subgenera – depend from the researcher point of view. In the last part of the book “The Parnassiinae of the World” (
Actually these genera can be subgenera too, this is not so much important. The main thing that we must recognize in the system is to use the correct taxa ranks but not the surrogates like “species group”; I think, it’s time to adopt modern, reasonable and scientific system of this tribus. This paper is about to make it.
I must also pay attention to the highest commercial interest within this group (
Materials of this paper are collected by the author and A.A.Shaposhnikov (Podolsk, Russia), P.A. Egorov (Almaty, Kazakhstan), D.A. Pozhogin and Y.B. Kosarev (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) in various parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The type specimens have been studied in the following institutions: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St-Petersburg, Russia), Zoological Museum of the Moscow University (Moscow, Russia), Finnish Natural History Museum (Helsinki, Finland), Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung (Berlin, Germany), Zoologisches Staatssamlung (München, Germany), British Museum (London, UK).
The male genitalia dissection was performed by the unified method of
Male genitalia of Parnassiini, schematic. 1 Koramius imperator (Oberthür, 1883), China, Nan-Shan. 2 Sachaia tenedius (Eversmann, 1851), Russia, Buratia. 3 Tadumia szechenyii (Frivaldsky, 1886), China, Qinghai Prov. 4 T. hardwickii (Gray, 1831), China, Kashmir. 5 Kreizbergius simonius (Staudinger, 1889), Kyrgyzstan, Alai. 6 Parnassius bremeri Bremer, 1864, Russia, Radde. 7 Driopa nordmanni (Ménétriès, [1850]), Russia, Caucasus.
1(2) | Fertilized female with no sphragis; aedeagus curved to almost 90 degrees (fig. 5) | Kreizbergius |
2(1) | Fertilized female with sphragis; aedeagus always straight or almost straight (figs 1 – 4, 6, 7). | |
3(4) | Male genitalia with subscaphium (fig. 2) | Sachaia |
4(3) | Male genitalia without subscaphium | |
5(8) | The vein M1 emerged from the veins R4 and R5 and widely anastomosing with them; harpa is a wide dorsal lobe (fig. 7). | |
6(7) | Wing pattern without red spots in both sides | Driopa s. str. |
7(6) | Wing pattern with red spots at least in the underside | Erythrodriopa |
8(5) | The vein M1 emerged from the veins R4 and R5 and not anastomosing with them; harpa is a process. | |
9(12) | Uncus motile. | |
10(11) | Uncus not massive, bilobed, cylindrical with pointed apex; aedeagus thick with big enlargement in its basal part (fig. 6) | Parnassius s. str. |
11(10) | Uncus massive sikle-shaped and well-sclerotized; aedeagus thin | Tadumia |
12(9) | Uncus immotile. | |
13(14) | Uncus bidentate; caudal process of the valva shorter than half of valva | Kailasius |
14 (13) | Uncus monodentate; caudal process of the valva longer than half of valva | Koramius |
TS – type species
TL – type locality
Driopa (s. str.) mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758)
TL. “in Finlandia” [“Åland island” after correction, see below]. The lectotype (
Correction. Its type locality (“in Finlandia”) must be corrected to the Åland island, which was visited by the Lappland expedition of Linnaeus in June 1732 (
Distribution. Europe (northwards to Middle Finland and South Norway), Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Asia Minor, Forward Asia, western limits of West Siberia (Tyumen Prov.), Central Asia, Kopet-Dagh.
Driopa (s. str.) stubbendorfii (Ménétriès, 1849)
TL. “Kansk” (by the lectotype designation) (
Clarification.
Remark. In the book of
Distribution. South Siberian mountains (in the borders of Russia, China and Mongolia), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo Provinces in the West Siberian Plain, Far East (northwards to Magadan Prov., southwards to South Korea), Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin (
Driopa (s. str) glacialis (Butler, 1866)
=D. (s. str.) citrinarius (Motschulsky, 1866)
TL. “in Hakodadi (North Japan)” (by the lectotype designation) (
Qualification. Hakodadi is a Japanese harbor located near southern limit of Yesso island.
Distribution. Russia: Vladivostok Prov., Sakhalin island; North Korea; North-East and partially Central China; Japan: southern part of Hokkaido island, northern part of Honshu island.
Driopa (Erythrodriopa) nordmanni ([Ménétriès], [1850])
TL. “Monti / Adschara” (by the lectotype designation) (
Qualification. Adzhara Mt. (2907 m, coordinates: 43.540833 N, 40.688611 E) is on the territory of the Caucasian Nature Reserve, Russia.
Distribution. Caucasus.
Driopa (Erythrodriopa) phoebus (Fabricius, 1793)
=D. (E.) ariadne (Lederer, 1793)
=D. (E.) clarius (Eversmann, 1843)
TL. “à l’est (entre 10 et 30 km) d’Oust’-Kaměnogorsk (Kazakhstan)” (by the neotype designation) (
Remark. The situation with the name Papilio phoebus Fabricius, 1793 was resolved by
Distribution. Tarbagatai, Saur, Altai.
Driopa (Erythrodriopa eversmanni ([Ménétriès], [1850])
TL. “Kansk” (by the holotype) (
Note 1.
Note 2. The taxon felderi Bremer, 1861, described from “Ching.[an]” (by the lectotype designation) (
Distribution. Mountainous areas of Siberia and Far East (westwards to the western borders of Altai, eastwards to Chukotka) in the borders of Russia, China, Mongolia and North Korea; Alaska in North America.
Driopa (Erythrodriopa) orleans (Oberthür, 1890)
TL. “Chine” [“Sichuan Prov. of China near Gardze city in the south-eastern Tibet” after correction].
Correction.
Distribution. China: Eastern Tibet, South Shaanxi; North Burma.
Parnassius apollonius (Eversmann, 1847)
TL. “in Songariae montibus” (original description); “Songarie” (by the lectotype designation) (
Correction. Until current time the only information about the type locality of this taxon is that it was collected by Schrenk in Dzhungarian Alatau (
Distribution. Mountains of Central Asia and South-Eastern Kazakhstan, South-East Altai (within the borders of Kazakhstan), South Kazakhstanian lowlands (local), rocky shores of the rivers Ili and Charyn (including Chinese parts).
Parnassius honrathi Staudinger, 1882
TL. “etwa 2000–2500 Meter hoch, auf dem Hazret Sultan-Gebirge, südlich von Samarkand” (original description) [“Prov. Samarkand” by the lectotype designation (
Qualification. Hazreth-Sultan is a mountain in Gissar Mts. (4643 m; coordinates: 38.948333 N, 68.172222 E).
Distribution. Pamir-Alai, Gissaro-Darvaz, East Badakhshan.
Parnassius bremeri Bremer, 1864
TL. “Amur Ufer” (by the lectotype designation) (
Correction. In the original description the following information on its type locality is stated: “an der Mündung des Oldoi, an der Dseja und im Bureja-Gebirge; …am Ussuri, von seiner Mündung bis zur Ema” (
Distribution. Transbaikal, Amur Prov., Ussuri Prov., North-East China, North Mongolia (“probably in the northern part of Hentiyn Nuruu” (
Parnassius corybas Fischer de Waldheim, 1824
TL. “Russia, Kamchatka, environs of the settlement Esso, 55°552503 N, 158°412413 E” (by the neotype designation) (
Remark 1. This taxon was known earlier as Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793), but
Remark 2. The status of taxon sacerdos Vorbrodt, 1912 which by some authors was treated as a separate species (
Distribution. European mountains, Urals, mountains of Siberia and Far East. Its record from Transcaucasus (
Parnassius rueckbeili Deckert, 1909
TL. “montagnes des environs de la ville de Barkul, à l’extrémité de la chaîne des Mts du Ciel, long. 91°, lat. 43°, ö, au N.-E. du Lob-Noor” (original description).
Remark. The status of this taxon was raised by
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.
Parnassius actius (Eversmann, 1843)
TL. “Tarbagatai” (by the lectotype designation) (
Correction. This species was not recorded from Tarbagatai as far as from Southern Altai and surrounding areas (
Distribution. Central Asiatic mountains.
Parnassius epaphus Oberthür, 1879
TL. “Tibet” (by the lectotype designation) (
Correction. The name epaphus proposed for the specimens listed by
Distribution. Tibet, Himalayas, Kun-Lun, Karakorum.
Parnassius dongalaicus Tytler, 1926
TL. “Donga La” (a mountain pass located on the highway Bumthang – Ura in Bhutan, 27.394808 N, 90.9953358 E).
Remarks. It described as a good species by a single female which now deposited in the British Museum. For the long time its status was questionable after the comment of
Distribution. South Tibet, Bhutan.
Parnassius jacquemonti Boisduval, 1836
TL. “Himalayas” (by the lectotype) (
Distribution. Pamir, Alai, Ghissar, Darvaz, Badakhshan, Hindukush, Karakorum, Himalayas, eastern part of Tibet.
Parnassius mercurius Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
TL. “in regioni Amdo dicta, in montibus at Sinin repertus” (original description) [“mountains between rivers Myn-Da-Sha and Gui-Da-Sha (approximate coordinates: 36.300–36.383 N and 101.500–101.650 E)” after correction].
Correction. Regarding the description of the Grumm-Grshimailo’s journey to West China (
Remark. The superspecies P. jacquemonti was recently redrawn by
Distribution. Tibet, Eastern Himalayas.
Parnassius tianschanicus Oberthür, 1879
TL. “Forêt de Kouldja et du Tianschan” (original description) [“East Tian-Shan between lake Sairam-Nur and city of Kuldja” after correction].
Correction. “Forêt de Kouldja et du Tianschan” – this locality pointed to the Chinese part of Tian-Shan (East Tian-Shan between lake Sairam-Nur and city of Kuldja). Thus the type locality of P. tianschanicus must be corrected to “East Tian-Shan between lake Sairam-Nur and city of Kuldja”.
Distribution. Mountains of Central Asia.
Parnassius olympius Staudinger, 1891
TL. “…in den unfern der centralasiatischen Stadt Korla (oder Kurla) gelegenen Gebirgen, wohl in dem östlich davon liegenden Kuruk-Tau, gefunden” (original description); “Korla” (by the lectotype designation) (
Remark. Species rank given after study of its type series (
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.
Parnassius nomion Fischer de Waldheim, 1823
TL. “Dauria” (original description); “Onon Anfang”, “Russia, Transbaikal, environs of the Kyakhta city, coordinates: 50°212003N, 106°272003E” after the neotype designation (Korb 2019: 205).
Remark. Very variable species with many subspecies and aberrations described. Some of them (richthofeni Bang-Haas, 1927, koiwayai Ohya et Inomata, 1988, gabrieli Bryk, 1934 and others from the nomius Grumm-Grshimailo, 1891 clade) looks like different species but according its DNA and male genitalia they are without doubts the same species.
Distribution. North and Middle Ural, Mountains of South Siberia and Far East in the borders of Russia, Bayanaul Mts. in Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Area), Mongolia, China and Korea; North-East Tibet. Its distribution in North and Middle Ural confirmed by the following materials: “1 ♂, North Ural from E. Sablya to Lun-Sablya, 5.07.1909 (Suravsky); 1 ♂, North Ural between mountains Voi-Sablya and Lun-Sablya, 18.08.1909; 1 ♂, North Ural, Shugor river, 27.07.1973 (Shubina); 1 ♂, Middle Ural, Sverdlovsk Prov., Karpushikha env., 24.07.1988 (Sotnikov)” (
Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758)
TL. “in Suecia” (original description); [“Sweden, near the city of Uppsala” after correction].
Correction. The place where Linnaeus lived in Sweden was Uppsala; main part of his collection was collected here (
Remark. Very variable species, hundreds, if not thousands, species group taxa were described. The modern book about this species (
Distribution. Europe (northwards to Central Sweden), Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Ural, West Siberian plain, Mongolia, South Siberian mountains, Dzhungarian Alatau Mts., Boro-Khoro Mts., North Tian-Shan. Its records from West Tian-Shan (Talassky Mts.) and from Inner Tian-Shan (Suusamyrtoo, Naryntoo and At-Bashi Mts.) (
Tadumia hardwickii (Gray, 1831)
TL. “Nepal” (by the syntype) (
Note. The species described “…from the collection of General Hardwicke…” (
Distribution. Himalayas, southern and western limits of Tibetan plateau.
Tadumia acco (Gray, 1852)
TL. “from Chinese Tartary, where it is found on the plateau 16,000 feet high” (original description); [“Ladak in Himalayas” after correction].
Correction. See P. epaphus.
Note. Highly variable species. Many forms and subspecies have been described; some closely related species are in the “acco”-complex. The molecular and morphological data used to delineate the species inside of this complex group (
Remark. In the last part of “The Parnassiinae of the World” (
Distribution. Tibet, Karakorum, North-West Himalayas.
Tadumia huberi (Paulus, 1999)
TL. “near Tanggula Shankou, Tanggula Mts.-Tibet-China 5200-5500 m in alt.” (original description).
Remark. The species status supported by molecular studies of
Distribution. Four localitites known at current time: “Denka Shan, Tanggula Shankou, 30km SW of Baqen, 70km W of Sok” (
Tadumia schultei (Weiss et Michel, 1989)
TL. “nord de Lhassa, 5000-5300 m, Tibet central” (original description).
Remark. The species status supported by molecular studies of
Distribution. Four localitites known at current time: “Karo La, Monda La, Yung La, 20km S of Gyantse” (
Tadumia hunnyngtoni Avinoff, 1916
TL. “from high elevations near the Chumbi Valley, South Tibet” (original description) [“Chumbi valley 200 km away from the Everest Mt. in the south-eastern direction” after qualification].
Qualification. Chumbi valley (27.383 N, 88.883 E) located on the borders of India, China and Bhutan; several authors erroneously placed the type locality of T. hunnyngtoni to the slopes of the Everest Mt., but the Chumbi valley is 200 km away from this mountain in the south-eastern direction.
Distribution. Southern Tibet in the borders of Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.
Tadumia maharaja (Avinoff, 1916)
=T. labeyriei (Weiss et Michel, 1989)
=T. nosei (Watanabe, 1990))
TL. “on desolate stony slopes near the crest of the Tagalang-la Pass (Rupshu), 18,000 feet, and in the vicinity of Sugetdavan (Chinese Turkestan)” (original description).
Qualification. Tagalang-La Pass (or Taglang-La Pass) is located in Ladak (33.507778 N, 77.77 E); Sugetdavan Pass is located in Kashgaria (38.316667 N, 75.433333 E).
Remark. The comparison of the COI sequences between the taxa maharaja and labeyriei Weiss et Michel, 1989 (
Distribution. Ladak, Karakorum, Tibet, West Himalayas.
Tadumia szechenyii (Frivaldszky, 1886)
=T. choui (Huang et Shi, 1994)
TL. “in Tibet ad lacum Kuku-noor” (original description).
Qualification. Lake Kukunor (37° N, 100° E) located in Tibet, Qinghai Province of China.
Distribution. Eastern and partially Central Tibet and the surrounding areas.
Tadumia cephalus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
TL. “in regione alpine Amdo dicta, in montibus ad Sinin detectus” (original description); [“mountains between rivers Myn-Da-Sha and Gui-Da-Sha (approximate coordinates: 36.300–36.383 N and 101.500–101.650 E)” after correction].
Correction. See Parnassius mercurius.
Distribution. Tibet, Central and Eastern Himalayas.
Sachaia arctica (Eisner, 1968)
TL. “in den Bergen östlich von Werchnosensk” (original description).
Note. Its type locality (mountains eastwards of Verkhoyansk) is not clear.
Distribution. East Siberian mountains: Suntar-Khayata, Verkhoyansky, Cherskogo Mts.
Sachaia tenedius (Eversmann, 1851)
TL. “Irkutzk” (by the lectotype designation) (
Distribution. The mountains of Siberia in the borders of Russia, Mongolia and North China; Saur.
Kreizbergius boedromius (Püngeler, 1901)
TL. “Aksu” (by the lectotype designation) (
Qualification. In the foreword to the paper, where K. boedromius have been described, stated, that Rückbeil brothers collected mostly in the mountains northwards of the city of Aksu in the Chinese part of Tian-Shan. It is a connection of the mountain ranges Kokshaaltoo, Sary-Dzhaz and Inylchektau near the Khan-Tengri peak; this species recorded many times from this area. Some of the specimens collected by Rückbeil brothers are equipped with labels “Chantengri” or “Chantengrin”. Thus, I must make qualification: the type locality of K. boedromius is “mountains northwards of the city of Aksu near the Khan-Tengri peak”.
Distribution. Tian-Shan.
Kreizbergius simo (Gray, 1853)
TL. «from Chinese Tartary, and discovered on the plateau 16,000 feet high» (original description) [“Ladak in Himalayas” after correction].
Correction. See P. epaphus.
Distribution. Widely distributed in the mountains of Central Asia except for Tian-Shan.
Kreizbergius simonius (Staudinger, 1889)
=K. andreji (Eisner, 1930)
TL. “in einer sehr bedeutender Höhe (4-5000 Meter) im Pamir-Gebiet (oder Transalai?)” (original description) [“western part of Transalai Mts.” after correction].
Correction.
Remark. The specific rank of andreji was downgraded basing on the male genitalia studies (including type specimens) and COI sequences (
Distribution. Widely distributed in the Central Asiatic mountains; in Tian-Shan local, confirmed only from the several localities in Moldo-Too Mts.
Koramius (s. str.) hide (Koiwaya, 1987)
TL. China, Qinghai Prov., eastern part of Kun-Lun, Baen-Khar Pass (original description; translated from Japanese).
Qualification. Coordinates of the type locality: 36.183 N, 94.250 E.
Distribution. Kun-Lun Mts., Central, Southern and South-Eastern Tibet; probably Central Himalayas.
Koramius (s. str.) patricius (Niepelt, 1911)
TL. “Tian-schan Gebirge, Turkestan” (by the lectotype designation (Eisner 1966: 48)) [“Tian-Shan, possibly Naryn vicinities”].
Remark 1.
Remark 2.
Distribution. Tian-Shan.
Koramius (s. str.) stoliczkanus (C. Felder et R. Felder, [1865])
TL. “Ladak: Marka, Rupshu” (original description).
Qualification. The Marka river valley located in the state of Rupshu (Southern Ladak; 33.93 N, 77.28 E).
Distribution. Himalayas, West Tibet.
Koramius (s. str.) kumaonensis (Riley, 1926)
=K. (s. str.) nandadevinensis (D.Weiss, 1990
=K. (s. str.) nobuko (Ohya, 1996)
TL. “N. Kumaon, Shillung” (original description).
Qualification. The Sin La Pass (other names: Shillung, Singling) located in the region of Pitoragarh of the Indian state Uttarahand (30° 19'10"N, 80° 38'12" E).
Remark. The taxa nandadevinensis and nobuko synonymized by
Distribution. Himalayas.
Koramius (s. str.) stenosemus (Honrath, 1890)
TL. “Ladak” (original description).
Distribution. Ladak, Himalayas.
Koramius (s. str.) delphius (Eversmann, 1843)
=K. maximinus (Staudinger, 1891)
TL. “Tarbagatai” (by the lectotype designation (
Correction. See Parnassius actius.
Remark. Recently the conclusions of
Distribution. Tian-Shan.
Koramius (s. str.) cardinal (Grum-Grshimailo, 1887)
=K. (s. str.) divinus (Bryk et Eisner, 1931)
=K. (s. str.) hunza (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
=K. (s. str.) chitralica (Verity, 1911)
TL. “zum Flecken Tuptschek und an den Fuss des Kara-Schar (über 20,000 Fuss)” (original description); “Darvaz, Mts. Pierre le Grand” (by the lectotype designation) (
Qualification. Tuptshek Plateau located in the Peter the Great Mts. near the confluence of Muksu and Kyzylsu rivers; this plateau is finished by the Gardani-Kaftar Pass (the other name: Kara-Shar Pass) (38.95 N, 71.70 E). This place, mentioned in the original description, is a classical site for collecting of K. cardinal and it is a type locality of this taxon because the Tuptshek plateau elevation (about 2000 m) is not suitable for this high mountainous species. Thus I qualify the type locality of this species as Gardani-Kaftar Pass in the Peter the Great Mts.
Remarks.
Distribution. Gissar, Darvaz, Pamir, Hindukush, Badakhshan.
Koramius (s. str.) infernalis (Elwes, 1886)
=K. (s. str.) kiritshenkoi (Avinov, 1910)
=K. (s. str.) illustris (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
TL. “Osch” (by the lectotype designation) (
Correction. The type locality of this species must be stated as “Alai Mts. near the city of Osh”.
Remark.
Distribution. Inner Tian-Shan, Pamir-Alai, Gissar, Darvaz.
Koramius (s. str.) abramovi (O.Bang-Haas, 1915)
TL. “Schahidulla / Chotan mer. / … 4500 m” (by the lectotype designation) (
Qualification. Schahidulla is a city in China (36°24'N, 77°59'E) located at the altitude 3646 m. Obviously it is the type locality of this taxon: mountains (up to 4200 m) around the city of Shahidulla.
Distribution. Kun-Lun.
Koramius (s. str.) shaposhnikovi (Korb, 2010)
TL. “Tajikistan, Shakhdarinsky Mts., 24 km from Khorog, upper course of Pan-Dara river” (original description).
Qualification. The river Pan-Dara located near Roshtkata (37.7417N, 72.18501E).
Remark. In the recently published Parnassiinae book (
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Koramius (s. str.) jacobsoni (Avinoff, 1913)
TL. “Pamirsky Post” (by the lectotype designation) (
Qualification. Current name of Pamirsky Post is Murgab settlement in the Gorno-Badakhshanskaya Prov. of Tajikistan located at the altitude of 3612 m; coordinates: 38.168889 N, 73.965 E; sometimes these butterflies can be collected even inside of the settlement.
Distribution. Pamir, Darvaz, Badakhshan.
Koramius (s. str.) staudingeri (A.Bang-Haas, 1882)
TL. “auf dem Hazret-Sultan Gebirge”.
Qualification. Hazreth-Sultan is a mountain in Gissar Mts. (4643 m; coordinates: 38.948333N, 68.172222E).
Distribution. Pamir, Alai, Gissar, Darvaz, Badakhshan.
Koramius (s. str.) acdestis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
TL. “in regione alpina Amdo dicta, in montibus ad Sinin”; [“mountains between rivers Myn-Da-Sha and Gui-Da-Sha (approximate coordinates: 36.300–36.383 N and 101.500–101.650 E)” after correction].
Remark. See Parnassius mercurius.
Distribution. Himalayas, Tibet.
Koramius (Kailasius) charltonius (Gray, 1852)
TL. “from Chinese Tartary, where it was found… at an elevation of 15,000 feet”; [“Ladak in Himalayas” after correction].
Correction. See Parnassius epaphus.
Remark. The species status given to the taxon romanovi Grumm-Grshimailo, 1885 by molecular data (
Distribution. Southern spurs of Tian-Shan (Dzhaman-Too Mts.), Pamir, Alai, Gissar, Darvaz, Badakhshan, Karakorum, Ladak, Chitral, Hindukush, Tibet, Himalayas.
Koramius (Kailasius) autocrator (Avinov, 1913)
TL. “in the area of Gushkhon Pass, Vanchsky Mts.” (after correction) (
Distribution. Pamir, Badakhshan, South-East Alai.
Koramius (Kailasius) inopinatus (Kotzsch, 1940)
TL. “Nodrwest-Afghanistan, Firuskuhi-Mont, Alpenwiesenzone, 2800–3000 m”; [“Firus-Kuh Mts. near Bamian settlement” after correction].
Correction. Firus-Kuh Mts. is a mountain ridge located northwards from the mountain range Koh-i-Baba. Most of materials collected by Kotzsch in this mountain range in the Bamian valley, but the place where he found this species he kept in secret due to its high commercial value. As Bamian settlement was the place of residence during his trips to Afghanistan, I must correct the type locality of this taxon as “Firus-Kuh Mts. near Bamian settlement”.
Distribution. Afghanistan: Firus-Kuh and Kokh-i-Baba Mts., Pakta Prov.
Koramius (Kailasius) davydovi (Churkin, 2006)
TL. “Tian-Shan, Moldo-Too Mts., Sary-Bulac loc., 2500–2600 m” (original description); [“Sary-Bulak near Koro-Goo Pass in Moldo-Too Mts.” after correction].
Correction. The type locality of this taxon camouflaged under the neutral toponym “Sary-Bulak”. This name (translation: Yellow Spring) is very common in Kyrgyzstan (as far as other names formed from water sources: Kara-Bulak (Black Spring), Ak-Bulak (White Spring) etc.). In Molddo-Too Mts. there are about 30 localities with same name. The locality Sary-Bulak, mentioned in the original description, located near the Koro-Goo Pass on the road between Naryn and Kazarman; thus, the type locality must be corrected to this location.
Distribution. Inner Tian-Shan: Moldo-Too Mts.
Koramius (Kailasius) loxias (Püngeler, 1901)
TL. “Aksu”; [“mountains northwards of the city of Aksu near the Khan-Tengri peak” after qualification].
Correction. See Kreizbergius boedromius.
Distribution. Central Tian-Shan.
Koramius (Kailasius) imperator (Oberthür, 1883)
TL. “de Tȃt-sien-loȗ”.
Qualification. Ta-Tsien-Lu is a small village near Gardze city in the South-Eastern Tibet (Sichuan Prov., China), the current name of this place is Kanding (coordinates: 30.00 N, 101.57 E).
Distribution. East and Central Tibet, South-East and Central Himalayas.
Koramius (Kailasius) augustus (Fruhstorfer, 1903)
TL. “von der Sikkim Tibetanischen Grenze, gefangen auf 18,000’”.
Distribution. South Tibet, Central Himalayas.
I am greatly indebted to Dr A.V. Sviridov (Zoological Museum of the Moscow University, Moscow, Russia), Dr A.L. Lvovsky and Dr S.Y. Sinev (Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia), Dr W. Mey (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany), Dr P. Ackery and Dr B. Huertas (British Museum, London, UK), Dr A. Hausmann (Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, Germany), Dr L. Kaila and Dr J. Kullberg (Finnish Natural History Museum, Helsinki, Finland) for granting access to curated collections.